Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study(year) | Country | Study design | Sample size(n) | Age(years) | POD assessment | POD incidence(%) | Risk factors | Nos score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shiiba et al. (2009) [18] | Japan | Retrospective | 132 | 63.0 ± 12.6 | DSM-IV | 18.0 | Age, sex | 9 |
Hasegawa et al. (2015) [19] | Japan | Retrospective | 188 | NR | DSM-IV | 15.4 | Age, intraoperative hemoglobin, excessive hemorrhage | 9 |
Booka et al. (2016) [20] | Japan | Retrospective | 293 | 61.9 ± 13.6 | DSM-V | 17.1 | Age | 9 |
Choi et al. (2017) [27] | South Korea | Retrospective | 341 | 56 ± 12 | DSM-IV | 26.0 | Age, psychiatric disorder history, marital status, NRS, ASA status, ICU stay period | 9 |
Zhang et al. (2019) [24] | China | Retrospective | 287 | NR | DSM-IV | 4.2 | Comorbidity, ASA status | 8 |
Wang et al. (2019) [25] | China | Prospective | 323 | 60.0 | CAM | 8.7 | ASA status, educational level, cancer stage, intraoperative hypotension, intraoperative dexmedetomidine use | 8 |
Ishibashi-Kanno et al. (2020) [12] | Japan | Retrospective | 69 | 62.9 ± 11.9 | DSM-IV | 33.3 | Age, sex, diabetes mellitus, COPD, recent hospitalization, sedation period | 9 |
Densky et al. (2019) [30] | United States | Retrospective | 515 | 60.1 ± 12.8 | DSM-IV | 10.9 | Age, operative time, CCI, sex, tumor N classification, history of smoking, | 8 |
Makiguchi et al. (2020) [21] | Japan | Retrospective | 122 | 60.3 ± 11.2 | DSM-IV | 36.9 | High preoperative albumin, postoperative insomnia, history of smoking, diabetes mellitus | 8 |
Kong et al. (2021) [26] | China | Case-control | 98 | 68 | CAM | 30.6 | Hypertension, irregular medication | 7 |
Takahashi et al. (2021) [22] | Japan | Retrospective | 104 | 63.0 | DSM-IV | 21.2 | Operative time, anesthesia time, blood loss, method of reconstruction, postoperative ambulation, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit | 8 |
Kinoshita et al. (2021) [23] | Japan | Retrospective | 97 | NR | ICDSC | 20.6 | NLR > 3.0, E-PRE-DELIRIC SCORE > 0.08, ACCI > 5.0, postoperative fentanyl dose ≥ 0.38 µg/kg/hr, BMI < 21 kg/m2, ASA 3, blood transfusion | 8 |
Taxis et al. (2022) [15] | Germany | Retrospective | 225 | NR | DSM-V | 21.8 | Operative time, ACCI, sex, ICU stay period, impaired wound healing, positive history of nicotine and alcohol abuse, microvascular surgery, previous head and neck surgery, flap success, tracheostomy, postoperative nutritional risk screening score | 8 |
Obermeier et al. (2022) [29] | Germany | Retrospective | 198 | NR | Nu-DESC | 32.8 | Duration of intubation, gender, fluid intake | 8 |
Kim et al. (2022) [28] | South Korea | Retrospective | 197 | 60.0 ± 13.3 | DSM-V | 9.1 | Age, past neurological history, time to ambulation | 9 |
Kolk et al. (2022) [5] | Germany | Retrospective | 100 | 65 | DSM-V | 18.0 | Age, diabetes mellitus, preoperative TSH, type of surgery | 9 |