From: Obstructive sleep apnea: a major risk factor for COVID-19 encephalopathy?
variables | Total (n = 97) | High risk of OSA (n = 79, 81.4%) | no OSA (n = 18, 18.6%) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
General examination and parameter at COVID-19 onset | ||||
dyspnea | 54 (55.7%) | 42 (53.2%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.4311 |
cough | 60 (63.2%) | 50 (64.9%) | 10 (55.6%) | 0.5881 |
fever | 80 (82.5%) | 67 (84.8%) | 13 (72.2%) | 0.2991 |
FiO2 | 32.31 (± 17.30) | 33.35 (± 18.31) | 27.84 (± 11.38) | 0.1132 |
Percentage of lung parenchyma with COVID-19 lesions (pulmonary CT scan) | 0.5832 | |||
0–30% | 13 (20.0%) | 11 (20.4%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
30–50% | 22 (33.8%) | 19 (35.2%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
50–70% | 17 (26.2%) | 14 (25.9%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
> 70% | 13 (20.0%) | 10 (18.5%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
Neurological signs at COVID-19 acute encephalopathy | ||||
fluctuation | 87 (89.7%) | 73 (92.4%) | 14 (77.8%) | 0.0851 |
inattention | 86 (88.7%) | 74 (93.7%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.0051 |
thought disturbance | 68 (74.7%) | 61 (82.4%) | 7 (41.2%) | 0.0011 |
alertness trouble | 48 (48.5%) | 44 (54.4%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.0261 |
drowsiness | 51 (52.6%) | 42 (53.2%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.9991 |
agitation | 33 (34.0%) | 29 (36.7%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.2831 |
psychomotor slowdown | 63 (65.6%) | 55 (70.5%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0.0531 |
obnubilation | 32 (34.4%) | 28 (36.8%) | 4 (23.5%) | 0.4011 |
perseveration | 53 (58.2%) | 47 (64.4%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.0311 |
disorientation | 48 (54.5%) | 43 (60.6%) | 5 (29.4%) | 0.0301 |
hallucination | 17 (19.3%) | 14 (19.4%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0.9991 |
focal neurological sign | 27 (27.8%) | 23 (29.1%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.7721 |
COVID-19 acute encephalopathy features | ||||
CAM | 2.97 (± 1.05) | 3.18 (± 0.89) | 2.06 (± 1.21) | 0.0013 |
RASS ≤ -3 | 8 (8.2%) | 7 (8.9%) | 1 (5.6%) | 0.1681 |
mutism | 14 (14.4%) | 12 (15.2%) | 2 (11.1%) | 0.9991 |
severe encephalopathya | 72 (74.2%) | 67 (84.8%) | 5 (27.8%) | < 0.0011 |
duration of encephalopathy (days) | 25.8 (± 59.3) | 27.9 (± 65.5) | 16.9 (± 12.4) | 0.0183 |
Biological results in the blood | ||||
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 89.85 (39.2–163.4) | 89.6 (41.9—163.6) | 90.1 (9.7—159.3) | 0,5042 |
leucocytes (/mm3) | 9.88 (7.3–12.2) | 9.84 (7.2—12) | 11.35 (8.5—14.2) | 0,2152 |
lymphocytes (/mm3) | 0.82 (0.5–1.1) | 0.79 (0.5—1) | 0.97 (0.7—1.2) | 0,2302 |
segmented neutrophils (/mm3) | 7.47 (5.5–10.4) | 7.35 (5.1—10) | 9.09 (6.4—11.7) | 0,2722 |
monocytes (/mm3) | 0.53 (0.3–0.8) | 0.52 (0.3—0.8) | 0.58 (0.4—0.7) | 0,9982 |
thrombocytes (/mm3) | 298 (232–354.5) | 307 (241—356.8) | 264 (167—319) | 0,3452 |
Brain MRI | ||||
missing valuesb | 35 | 27 | 8 | |
leucoencephalopathy | 0.0501 | |||
0 | 23 (31.5%) | 17 (28.3%) | 6 (46.2%) | |
1 | 32 (43.8%) | 30 (50.0%) | 2 (15.4%) | |
2 | 7 (9.6%) | 6 (10.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | |
3 | 11 (15.1%) | 7 (11.7%) | 4 (30.8%) | |
stroke (DWI lesion) | 34 (47.2%) | 26 (44.1%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0.3591 |
hyperT2 lesion (number) | 7.12 (± 6.22%) | 7.3 (± 6.2) | 6.31 (± 6.54) | 0.6233 |
microbleed (number) | 3.03 (± 7.43%) | 2.9 (± 7.75) | 3.62 (± 5.92) | 0.7143 |
number of vessels with endotheliitisc | < 0.0011 | |||
0 | 9 (14.5%) | 1 (1.9%) | 8 (80.0%) | |
1 | 18 (29.0%) | 16 (30.8%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
2 | 16 (25.8%) | 16 (30.8%) | 0 | |
3 | 19 (30.6%) | 19 (36.5%) | 0 | |
circumferential endotheliitisc | 48 (77.4%) | 48 (92.3%) | 0 | < 0.0011 |
endotheliitisc | < 0.0011 | |||
unilateral | 26 (41.9%) | 24 (46.2%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
bilateral | 27 (43.5%) | 27 (51.9%) | 0 | |
stenosis | 3 (4.1%) | 3 (5.0%) | 0 | |
EEG slowing | 47 (53.4%) | 40 (55.6%) | 7 (43.8%) | 0.4201 |
Epidemiological features | ||||
intensive care unit | 62 (63.9%) | 50 (63.3%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.9993 |
hospitalization time | 43.5 [25.0–61.5] | 43.5 [25.0–61.0] | 42.5 [28.0–66.0] | 0.7962 |
mRS at discharge | 0.0081 | |||
0 | 9 (9.3%) | 8 (10.1%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
1 | 23 (23.7%) | 13 (16.5%) | 10 (55.6%) | |
2 | 16 (16.5%) | 12 (15.2%) | 4 (22.2%) | |
3 | 22 (22.7%) | 21 (26.6%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
4 | 14 (14.4%) | 13 (16.5%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
5 | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
6 (death) | 12 (12.4%) | 11 (13.9%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
mRS at discharge ≥ 3 | 49 (50.5%) | 46 (58.2%) | 3 (16.7%) | 0.0021 |