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Table 1 Demographic characteristics

From: Obstructive sleep apnea: a major risk factor for COVID-19 encephalopathy?

variables

Total (n = 97)

High risk of OSA (n = 79, 81.4%)

no OSA (n = 18, 18.6%)

p-value

age (at admission)

69.4 (± 10.1)

70.3 (± 9.7)

65.3 (± 11.3)

0.0962

male

79 (81.4%)

68 (86.1%)

11 (61.1%)

0.0381

education degreea

   

0.7741

 1

14 (17.9%)

11 (16.9%)

3 (23.1%)

 

 2

36 (46.2%)

31 (47.7%)

5 (38.5%)

 

 3

28 (35.9%)

23 (35.4%)

5 (38.5%)

 

 ≥ 1 vascular risk factors

74 (76.3%)

63 (79.7%)

11 (61.1%)

0.1241

Body Mass Index (BMI)

27.97 (± 5.57)

28.99 (± 5.62)

23.5 (± 2.22)

 < 0.0012

smoking

16 (16.8%)

14 (17.9%)

2 (11.8%)

0.7281

blood pressure hypertension

63 (64.9%)

53 (67.1%)

10 (55.6%)

0.4161

diabete

36 (37.1%)

31 (39.2%)

5 (27.8%)

0.4271

dyslipidemia

34 (35.1%)

29 (36.7%)

5 (27.8%)

0.5891

Definite OSAb

27 (27.8%)

27 (34.2%)

0

0.0031

apnea hypopnea index (/h)b

53.68 (± 24.92)

53.68 (± 24.92)

-

-

night breath device for OSAb

13 (13.4%)

13 (16.5%)

0

-

modified NOSAS scoreb

11.12 (± 3.62)

12.49 (± 2.28)

5.11 (± 1.81)

 < 0.0012

preexisting cognitive disorderc

17 (17.7%)

14 (17.9%)

3 (16.7%)

0.9991

preexisting heart diseasec

18 (18.6%)

16 (30.2%)

2 (18.2%)

0.7141

preexisting respiratory diseasec

9 (9.3%)

8 (15.1%)

1 (9.1%)

0.9991

toxic usec

10 (10.3%)

9 (11.4%)

1 (5.6%)

0.6831

  1. Abbreviation: OSA Obstructive sleep apnea
  2. 1Fisher’s exact test. Table results were given in number of patients (percentage of total number of patients per group)
  3. 2t-test. Table results were given in median (± interquartile ratio)
  4. aEducation degree was defined as followed: 1 = primary education, 2 = lower secondary education, 3 = upper secondary education
  5. bDefinite OSA was assessed by polysomnography (gold standard) [12, 15]. The Apnea Hypopnea Index was used to indicate the severity of definite OSA. The Apnea Hypopnea Index is the number of apneas or hypopneas recorded per hour of sleep (number of events per hour). Based on the Apnea Hypopnea Index, the severity of OSA is classified as follows: None/Minimal: < 5 per hour; Mild: ≥ 5, but < 15 per hour; Moderate: ≥ 15, but < 30 per hour; Severe: ≥ 30 per hour [12, 15]. Among patients with definite OSA, some of them usually used night devises such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or oral appliances like the mandibular advancement device [12]. The NOSAS score classified patients at high risk for significant OSA with the following items: neck circumference, obesity, snoring, age and sex (NOSAS) [18]. Snoring information was recorded for only 19 patients (missing data: 78), so we used a modified NOSAS score that did not include snoring information
  6. cPreexisting cognitive disorder was defined as any cognitive disorder impairment by a neurologist before the beginning of COVID-19 acute encephalopathy. Preexisting heart and respiratory disease were defined as any heart or respiratory disease diagnosed by a cardiologist, a pulmonologist or a general practitioner prior to the onset of COVID-19 acute encephalopathy. Toxic use was reported by the physician in charge at the time of hospital admission (anamnesis/heteroanamnesis)
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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