Table 1 Baseline demographics and patient characteristics
Unmatched population | Matched population | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EIAED(n = 964) | nEAAED (n = 461) | p-valuea | EIAED(n = 210) | nEAAED (n = 210) | p-valuea | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age at index date, mean (SD), years | 76.2 (7.4) | 75.1 (7.5) | 0.0076 | 75.7 (7.3) | 74.8 (7.7) | 0.2041 |
Age band, n (%) | ||||||
65–69 | 219 (22.7) | 133 (28.9) | 51 (24.3) | 70 (33.3) | ||
70–74 | 217 (22.5) | 115 (24.9) | 54 (25.7) | 43 (20.5) | ||
75–79 | 212 (22.0) | 87 (18.9) | 38 (18.1) | 44 (21.0) | ||
80–84 | 181 (18.8) | 66 (14.3) | 40 (19.0) | 25 (11.9) | ||
85–89 | 86 (8.9) | 39 (8.5) | 17 (8.1) | 18 (8.6) | ||
≥90 | 49 (5.1) | 21 (4.6) | 10 (4.8) | 10 (4.8) | ||
Male, n (%) | 494 (51.2) | 191 (41.4) | 0.0005 | 105 (50.0) | 99 (47.1) | 0.5580 |
Germaine–Smith comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 1.7 (2.4) | 1.4 (2.2) | 0.0715 | 1.2 (1.8) | 1.2 (1.8) | 0.7043 |
Epilepsy and treatment characteristics | ||||||
Time since first epilepsy diagnosis, mean (SD), years | 3.5 (10.2) | 10.9 (18.0) | < 0.0001 | 5.7 (13.8) | 7.5 (15.3) | 0.2075 |
Epilepsy type, n (%) | ||||||
Focal | 154 (16.0) | 70 (15.2) | 0.0379 | 29 (13.8) | 36 (17.1) | 0.5268 |
Generalised | 119 (12.3) | 37 (8.0) | 18 (8.6) | 14 (6.7) | ||
Unspecified | 691 (71.7) | 354 (76.8) | 163 (77.6) | 160 (76.2) | ||
Index AED is first AED, n (%) | 920 (95.4) | 373 (80.9) | < 0.0001 | 194 (92.4) | 185 (88.1) | 0.1390 |
Most common (≥10% of patients) index AED, n (%) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
Carbamazepine | 462 (47.9) | 0 | 111 (52.9) | 0 | ||
Gabapentin | 0 | 141 (30.6) | 0 | 52 (24.8) | ||
Lamotrigine | 0 | 201 (43.6) | 0 | 109 (51.9) | ||
Levetiracetam | 0 | 60 (13.0) | 0 | 32 (15.2) | ||
Phenytoin | 485 (50.3) | 0 | 94 (44.8) | 0 | ||
Pregabalin | 0 | 59 (12.8) | 0 | 17 (8.1) | ||
Most common (≥5% of patients in any category) comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 439 (45.5) | 193 (41.9) | 0.1916 | 86 (41.0) | 79 (37.6) | 0.4843 |
Hypertension | 285 (29.6) | 130 (28.2) | 0.5958 | 53 (25.2) | 51 (24.3) | 0.8211 |
Neoplasms | 128 (13.3) | 41 (8.9) | 0.0166 | 17 (8.1) | 18 (8.6) | 0.8599 |
Psychiatric issues | 95 (9.9) | 43 (9.3) | 0.7529 | 16 (7.6) | 21 (10.0) | 0.3894 |
Osteoporosis | 30 (3.1) | 27 (5.9) | 0.0134 | 6 (2.9) | 7 (3.3) | 0.7781 |
Most common (≥5% of patients in any category) non-AED medication use, n (%) | ||||||
Antihypertension drugs | 416 (43.2) | 249 (54.0) | 0.0001 | 102 (48.6) | 99 (47.1) | 0.7695 |
Statins | 310 (32.2) | 226 (49.0) | < 0.0001 | 86 (41.0) | 91 (43.3) | 0.6212 |
Antidepressant/antipsychotic drugs | 292 (30.3) | 187 (40.6) | 0.0001 | 57 (27.1) | 67 (31.9) | 0.2847 |
Glucocorticoids | 169 (17.5) | 112 (24.3) | 0.0027 | 40 (19.0) | 44 (21.0) | 0.6256 |
Sex hormones | 49 (5.1) | 35 (7.6) | 0.0599 | 12 (5.7) | 10 (4.8) | 0.6614 |
Anticoagulants | 46 (4.8) | 52 (11.3) | < 0.0001 | 8 (3.8) | 14 (6.7) | 0.1888 |
Healthcare resource use, mean (SD) number | ||||||
GP consultations | 46.7 (31.6) | 63.7 (37.5) | < 0.0001 | 53.0 (31.7) | 53.4 (32.6) | 0.9095 |
A&E visits | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.9 (1.5) | 0.1440 | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.3481 |
Outpatient, non-A&E referrals | 1.0 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.5) | 0.0007 | 1.2 (1.5) | 1.2 (1.5) | 0.6965 |
Inpatient hospitalisation | 1.9 (5.3) | 1.6 (2.2) | 0.1005 | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.4 (1.9) | 0.6480 |
Hospitalisation days, mean (SD) | 10.0 (18.5) | 5.5 (10.4) | < 0.0001 | 6.2 (12.6) | 6.1 (12.2) | 0.9715 |
All direct healthcare cost in the 1-year pre-index period, 2014 £ | ||||||
Median (range) | 4572 (11–84,513) | 4869 (274–61,048) | 0.3620 | 4004 (11–48,356) | 3814 (274–32,349) | 0.8314 |
Epilepsy-related cost, median (range) | 42 (0–24,502) | 0 (0–25,822) | 0.0051 | 42 (0–10,459) | 11 (0–25,822) | 0.7881 |