Table 3 Study results for the secondary outcome of cytokine levels in other physiological fluids
Cytokine Levels | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Author | Cytokines Analysed | Increased in CFS/ME vs. HC (p-value)a | Decreased in CFS/ME vs. HC (p-value)a |
Cerebrospinal Fluid | |||
Hornig, et al. [22] | IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-17F, GM-CSF, LIF, IL12p40, IL12p70, IFN-α2, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNFβ, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, TGF-α, TGF-β, VEGF-A, FGF-basic, β-NGF, HGF, SCF, M-CSF, G-CSF, Resistin, VEGF-A, Leptin | CCL11 (0.0189), CXCL10 (0.0261) | IL-1RA (0.014), IL-1b (0.0003), IL-5 (0.0431), IL-6 (0.0074), IL-8 (0.033), IL-10 (0.0036), IL-12p40 (0.0026), IL-17F (0.0136), TNF-β (0.0071), SCF (0.001), M-CSF (0.0016), GM-CSF (0.034), G-CSF (0.0211), FGF-β (0.0278), VEGF-A (0.0138), LIF (< 0.0001), Resistin (0.0132) |
Natelson, et al. [28] | IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, TNF-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, CCL5, CCL2 | IL-8 (< 0.007), IL-10 (< 0.025) | none |
Peterson, et al. [30] | IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL- 9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, FGF-basic, CCL11, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-5, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, TNF-α, VEGF | none | IL-10 (< 0.05) |
Nasal Lavage | |||
Repka-Ramirez, et al. [31] | IL-8, TNF-α, NGF | NS | NS |