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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of CSVD and control group

From: Decreased nocturnal heart rate variability and potentially related brain regions in arteriosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease

 

CSVD group (n = 63)

Control group(n = 46)

P

Sex (male / famale)

41/22

15/31

0.001*

Age, years, median (IQR)

68.0 (62.0,73.0)

69.0 (65.0,71.0)

0.455

Hypertension, n(%)

52 (82.5)

8 (17.4)

< 0.001*

DM, n(%)

11 (17.5)

4 (8.7)

0.190

History of symptomatic stroke, n(%)

28 (44.4)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Hyperlipidemia, n(%)

46 (73.0)

9 (19.6)

< 0.001*

Smoking history, n(%)

15 (23.8)

5 (10.9)

0.085

Anti-hypertension drugs, n(%)

 ACEI/ARB

33 (52.4)

5 (10.9)

< 0.001*

 ß--receptor blocker

11 (17.5)

2 (4.3)

0.037*

 α-receptor blocker

4 (6.3)

0 (0.0)

0.220

 αß-receptor blocker

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

1.000

 CCB

36 (57.1)

6 (13.0)

< 0.001*

 diuredics

5 (7.9)

1 (2.2)

0.380

BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR)

25.1 (22.2,27.7)

22.3 (20.4,25.4)

0.010*

PSQI, median (IQR)

8.0 (4.0,10.0)

7.0 (4.8,10.0)

0.985

Sleep Stage, %, median (IQR)

 Stage N1

8.3 (5.7,14.3)

7.2 (5.2,10.3)

0.064

 Stage N2

50.3 (44.4,58.8)

51.3 (45.2,57.5)

0.895

 Stage N3

19.8 (11.0,28.4)

20.0 (15.8,26.9)

0.854

 Stage R

16.7 (12.1,21.5)

19.0 (16.3,22.2)

0.014*

AHI, times/hour, median (IQR)

22.4(12.6, 31.4)

10.8 (6.4,18.2)

< 0.001*

AHI in NREM sleep

18.8 (9.4, 30.3)

8.0 (3.6,15.6)

0.004*

AHI in REM sleep

36.6 (18.3, 51.9)

23.3 (14.7, 35.0)

< 0.001*

Average SaO2, %, median (IQR)

94.0 (92.0,95.0)

95.0 (94.0,96.0)

0.005*

Minimum SaO2, %, median (IQR)

85.0 (81.0,89.0)

89.0 (84.3,90.8)

0.013*

Average oxygen desaturation, %, median (IQR)

4.0 (4.0,6.0)

4.0 (4.0,4.8)

0.011*

ODI, times/hour, median (IQR)

14.6 (7.4,25.8)

5.7 (2.4,12.4)

< 0.001*

ST90%, min, median (IQR)

3.1 (0.3,17.6)

0.8 (0.0,7.3)

0.013*

CT90%, %, median (IQR)

1.3 (0.1,7.4)

0.2(0.0,1.8)

0.008*

PLMI during sleep period, times/hour, median (IQR)

1.7(0.0,10.1)

1.7(0.0,10.9)

0.933

Average HR during the sleep period, times/min, median (IQR)

67.0 (60.0, 74.0)

62.0 (57.8, 67.3)

0.003*

HRV during awake period, median (IQR)

 SDNN

68.7 (54.7,89.4)

73.5 (62.5, 83.3)

0.317

 RMSSD

27.2(17.4, 42.4)

30.2(23.9, 43.3)

0.273

 PNN50

3.2(0.9,8.9)

5.5(2.8,14.2)

0.059

 LF/HF

1.3(0.9,2.1)

1.2(0.8,1.5)

0.081

HRV during sleep period, median (IQR)

 SDNN

53.6 (44.1, 71.9)

70.2 (60.8,77.3)

0.001*

 RMSSD

26.9 (19.2,40.7)

29.6 (24.1,42.9)

0.304

 PNN50

3.3 (1.0,10.2)

6.2 (2.6,14.5)

0.053

 LF/HF

1.1 (0.9,2.1)

1.0 (0.7,1.3)

0.006*

  1. Statistical significance is reported as * (P < 0.05)
  2. Abbreviations: CSVD cerebral small vessel disease, IQR interquartile range, DM diabetes mellitus, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blockers, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, NREM non-rapid eye movement, REM rapid eye movement, BMI body mass index, AHI apnea- hypopnea index, SAHS sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, SaO2 oxygen saturation, ODI oxygen desaturation index, ST90% time with SaO2 < 90%, CT90% percentage of cumulative time with SaO2 < 90%, PLMI periodic limb movements index, HR heart rate, SDNN the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, RMSSD the root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals, PNN50 the percentage of normal R-R intervals that differ by 50 ms, LF low-frequency power, HF high-frequency power