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Table 2 Descriptive data indicated as mean and standard deviation (SD) at baseline (t0) and after the intervention (t1)

From: Learning to play golf for elderly people with subjective memory complaints: feasibility of a single‐blinded randomized pilot trial

outcome

group

n

t0 (mean, SD)

t1 (mean, SD)

ANCOVA time*group (p, F, Cohen’s d)

post-hoc analysis

(p, 95 % CI)

ADAS-Cog1 (score)

golf

22

7.45 (2.46)

6.82 (2.67)

0.613, 0.260, 0.17

 

control

19

7.68 (3.40)

6.58 (2.97)

 

Corsi forward1 (no. of sequences)

golf

22

7.91 (1.31)

7.77 (2.02)

0.641, 0.221, 0.16

 

control

19

6.74 (2.13)

7.16 (2.43)

 

Corsi backwards1 (no. of sequences)

golf

23

6.48 (2.35)

6.65 (2.77)

0.921, 0.010, 0

 

control

19

6.26 (2.96)

6.42 (3.15)

 

TMT B time1 (s)

golf

22

49.44 (18.87)

47.58 (12.57)

0.305, 1.085, 0.35

 

control

18

49.81 (22.25)

52.66 (29.03)

 

INHIB reaction time1 (ms)

golf

22

0.37 (0.05)

0.36 (0.05)

0.975, 0.000, 0

 

control

19

0.35 (0.04)

0.35 (0.05)

 

INHIB correct responses1 (%)

golf

22

91.36 (6.84)

95.27 (3.24)

0.012*, 7.050, 0.89

0.000*, (2.075, 4.884)

control

18

92.87 (4.27)

93.07 (4.41)

0.349, (− 0.827, 2.280)

KYN2 (µmol/L)

golf

22

1.69 (0.55)

1.84 (0.74)

0.418, 0.671, 0.28

 

control

17

2.04 (0.99)

2.19 (0.85)

 

TRP2 (µmol/L)

golf

22

127.48 (25.68)

129.67 (16.39)

0.464, 0.548, 0.26

 

control

17

129.67 (20.90)

126.56 (21.13)

 

KYN/TRP ratio2

golf

22

0.014 (0.005)

0.014 (0.005)

0.087, 3.108, 0.61

 

control

17

0.016 (0.006)

0.017 (0.006)

 

KYNA (µmol/L)2

golf

22

0.093 (0.023)

0.095 (0.031)

0.926, 0.009, 0

 

control

17

0.105 (0.048)

0.105 (0.039)

 

KYNA/KYN ratio2

golf

22

0.058 (0.02)

0.057 (0.02)

0.598, 0.284, 0.18

 

control

17

0.057 (0.02)

0.054 (0.03)

 

QUINA (µmol/L)2

golf

21

0.72 (0.24)

0.67 (0.22)

0.224, 1.537, 0.43

 

control

17

0.71 (0.24)

0.73 (0.19)

 

QUINA/KYNA ratio2

golf

21

8.20 (2.32)

7.38 (1.69)

0.227, 1.513, 0.43

 

control

17

7.43 (2.65)

7.64 (2.92)

 

QUINA/TRP

golf

21

0.0058 (0.002)

0.0051 (0.001)

0.022*, 5.769, 0.84

0.022*, (0, 0.001)

 

control

17

0.0057 (0.002)

0.0059 (0.002)

0.527, (-0.001, 0)

QUINA/KYN

golf

21

0.456 (0.145)

0.406 (0.154)

0.869, 0.028, 0.06

 
 

control

17

0.394 (0.141)

0.364 (0.107

 

IL-6 (pg/ml)2

golf

22

1.54 (0.59)

1.82 (0.97)

0.607, 0.270, 0.18

 

control

15

2.05 (1.17)

2.16 (1.33)

 

6-Min-Walk-Test1 (m)

golf

23

651.65 (115.75)

653.58 (153.82)

0.439, 0.613, 0.26

 

control

16

646.21 (91.12)

673.78 (106.33)

 

PASE (score)1

golf

21

180.86 (59.02)

171.05 (45.72)

0.056, 3.888, 0.66

 

control

19

153.37 (57.05)

137.50 (37.91)

 
  1. Results of baseline-adjusted ANCOVA are presented (time, time*group) with Bonferroni-corrected pairwise post-hoc analysis for each parameter. * indicate statistical significant changes or differences at p < 0.05. ADAS-Cog Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale, TMT Trail Making Test, INHIB Response Inhibition, KYN Kynurenine, TRP Tryptophan, KYNA Kynurenic acid, QUINA Quinolinic acid, IL-6 Interleukin 6, PASE Physical Activity Scale for Elderly, FDR False Discovery Rate (Benjamini Hochberg Procedure) 1adjusted for age, 2 adjusted for age and mean change of BMI (t1-t0)