outcome | group | n | t0 (mean, SD) | t1 (mean, SD) | ANCOVA time*group (p, F, Cohen’s d) | post-hoc analysis (p, 95 % CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADAS-Cog1 (score) | golf | 22 | 7.45 (2.46) | 6.82 (2.67) | 0.613, 0.260, 0.17 | |
control | 19 | 7.68 (3.40) | 6.58 (2.97) | |||
Corsi forward1 (no. of sequences) | golf | 22 | 7.91 (1.31) | 7.77 (2.02) | 0.641, 0.221, 0.16 | |
control | 19 | 6.74 (2.13) | 7.16 (2.43) | |||
Corsi backwards1 (no. of sequences) | golf | 23 | 6.48 (2.35) | 6.65 (2.77) | 0.921, 0.010, 0 | |
control | 19 | 6.26 (2.96) | 6.42 (3.15) | |||
TMT B time1 (s) | golf | 22 | 49.44 (18.87) | 47.58 (12.57) | 0.305, 1.085, 0.35 | |
control | 18 | 49.81 (22.25) | 52.66 (29.03) | |||
INHIB reaction time1 (ms) | golf | 22 | 0.37 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.975, 0.000, 0 | |
control | 19 | 0.35 (0.04) | 0.35 (0.05) | |||
INHIB correct responses1 (%) | golf | 22 | 91.36 (6.84) | 95.27 (3.24) | 0.012*, 7.050, 0.89 | 0.000*, (2.075, 4.884) |
control | 18 | 92.87 (4.27) | 93.07 (4.41) | 0.349, (− 0.827, 2.280) | ||
KYN2 (µmol/L) | golf | 22 | 1.69 (0.55) | 1.84 (0.74) | 0.418, 0.671, 0.28 | |
control | 17 | 2.04 (0.99) | 2.19 (0.85) | |||
TRP2 (µmol/L) | golf | 22 | 127.48 (25.68) | 129.67 (16.39) | 0.464, 0.548, 0.26 | |
control | 17 | 129.67 (20.90) | 126.56 (21.13) | |||
KYN/TRP ratio2 | golf | 22 | 0.014 (0.005) | 0.014 (0.005) | 0.087, 3.108, 0.61 | |
control | 17 | 0.016 (0.006) | 0.017 (0.006) | |||
KYNA (µmol/L)2 | golf | 22 | 0.093 (0.023) | 0.095 (0.031) | 0.926, 0.009, 0 | |
control | 17 | 0.105 (0.048) | 0.105 (0.039) | |||
KYNA/KYN ratio2 | golf | 22 | 0.058 (0.02) | 0.057 (0.02) | 0.598, 0.284, 0.18 | |
control | 17 | 0.057 (0.02) | 0.054 (0.03) | |||
QUINA (µmol/L)2 | golf | 21 | 0.72 (0.24) | 0.67 (0.22) | 0.224, 1.537, 0.43 | |
control | 17 | 0.71 (0.24) | 0.73 (0.19) | |||
QUINA/KYNA ratio2 | golf | 21 | 8.20 (2.32) | 7.38 (1.69) | 0.227, 1.513, 0.43 | |
control | 17 | 7.43 (2.65) | 7.64 (2.92) | |||
QUINA/TRP | golf | 21 | 0.0058 (0.002) | 0.0051 (0.001) | 0.022*, 5.769, 0.84 | 0.022*, (0, 0.001) |
control | 17 | 0.0057 (0.002) | 0.0059 (0.002) | 0.527, (-0.001, 0) | ||
QUINA/KYN | golf | 21 | 0.456 (0.145) | 0.406 (0.154) | 0.869, 0.028, 0.06 | |
control | 17 | 0.394 (0.141) | 0.364 (0.107 | |||
IL-6 (pg/ml)2 | golf | 22 | 1.54 (0.59) | 1.82 (0.97) | 0.607, 0.270, 0.18 | |
control | 15 | 2.05 (1.17) | 2.16 (1.33) | |||
6-Min-Walk-Test1 (m) | golf | 23 | 651.65 (115.75) | 653.58 (153.82) | 0.439, 0.613, 0.26 | |
control | 16 | 646.21 (91.12) | 673.78 (106.33) | |||
PASE (score)1 | golf | 21 | 180.86 (59.02) | 171.05 (45.72) | 0.056, 3.888, 0.66 | |
control | 19 | 153.37 (57.05) | 137.50 (37.91) |