Table 1 Demographic information at baseline of analyzed participants (n = 42)
Golf group (n = 23) | Control group (n = 19) | p-value | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67.87 ± 4.7 | 67.89 ± 3.9 | 0.95 | 0.05 |
Gender | ||||
male | 10 (43.5 %) | 9 (47.4 %) | 0.51 | |
female | 13 (56.5 %) | 10 (52.6 %) | ||
Handedness | ||||
right | 22 (95.7 %) | 19 (100 %) | 0.53 | |
left | 1 (4.3 %) | 0 | ||
Formal education (years) | 14.4 ± 4.5 | 12.26 ± 3.6 | 0.13 | 0.59 |
BDI (score) | 4.7 ± 4.4 | 4.4 ± 3 | 0.93 | 0.10 |
ADAS-Cog (score) | 8 ± 3.55 | 7.68 ± 3.41 | 0.71 | 0.09 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
BMI | 26.3 ± 3.4 | 26.2 ± 3.9 | 0.44 | 0.02 |
Current smoker | 3 (13 %) | 2 (10.5 %) | 0.55 | |
Heavy smoker | 0 (0 %) | 1 (5.3 %) | 0.48 | |
Diabetes mellitus type 1 | 2 (8.7 %) | 1 (5.3 %) | 0.54 | |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 1 (4.3 %) | 1 (5.3 %) | 0.73 | |
Hypertension | 12 (52.2 %) | 7 (36.8 %) | 0.26 | |
Heart disease | 4 (17.4 %) | 3 (15.8 %) | 0.55 | |
Physical outcomes | ||||
6-min-Walk-Test (m) | 651.37 ± 121.32 | 627.73 ± 99.67 | 0.48 | 0.24 |
PASE (score) | 181.11 ± 59.52 | 153.37 ± 57.05 | 0.15 | 0.48 |