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Table 3 Statistical analyses and conclusions about self-rated health in people with stroke – longitudinal observational studies (n = 26)

From: Self-rated health after stroke: a systematic review of the literature

Study

Inferential statistical analysis

Conclusions about self-rated health

Jönsson et al., 2018 [41]

Wilcoxon test

There was no significant difference in SRH between stroke survivors in acute phase (16 months) and in a long term (10 years)

Dong et al., 2018 [69]

Cox proportional hazards model

General and age comparative SRH were significantly associated with an increased risk of first-ever stroke and recurrent stroke in Chinese adults

Vogelsang, 2017 [55]

Logistic regression model

Stroke is associated with improvement in comparative SRH but not with retrospectively reported SRH

Mavaddat et al., 2016 [22]

Cox proportional hazards model

There is a small but significant independent relationship between poor SRH and stroke incidence. However there is no relationship between SRH and stroke mortality in the short or longer term in the older population. In older people with a history of stroke, there is no relationship between SRH and stroke outcomes

Larsen et al., 2016 [44]

Logistic regression model

SRH 3 months post-stroke and stroke severity were found to be strongly associated with return to work and subsequent work stability after stroke

Larsen et al., 2016 [40]

Linear regression model

Stroke patients rated their health 3 months post stroke lower on all SF-12 scales than the general Danish population

Egan et al., 2015 [52]

Bivariate correlations, Linear regression model, Generalized estimating equation

Better perceived health was associated with higher scores in the instrument of participation evaluation, RNLI

Sand et al., 2015 [39]

Logistic regression model

Patients reporting vision problems rated their own general health as significantly poorer

Shen et al., 2014 [66]

Cox proportional hazards model

The association of age-comparative SRH with death from stroke varied by sex, with the association stronger for men than women

Latham, Peek, 2013 [53]

Cox proportional hazards model

SRH is a significant independent predictor of global morbidity onset and cause-specific morbidity onset, including stroke, excluding cancer, even after controlling for important sociodemographic characteristics, health care access and utilization, and risk factors

Fernández-Ruiz et al., 2013 [43]

Cox proportional hazards model

Age-comparative SRH was considered a strong predictor of stroke mortality

Prlić et al., 2012 [35]

Friedman test

Women with stroke rated their physical and mental health (SF-36) worse than men with stroke

Foraker et al., 2011 [56]

Regression model

There was a decline statistically significant in SRH, both pre- and post-disease, in different incident disease types (cardiac revascularization procedure, myocardial infarction, lung cancer, heart failure) except for stroke

Asplund et al., 2009 [68]

Multinomial logistic regression model

The minority of patients with stroke and poor SRH showed dissatisfaction with health care and social services at large

Olsson, Sunnerhagen, 2007 [33]

Spearman correlation coefficient

Stroke patients age 18 to 60 years at the time of acute stroke who received 6–8 weeks of DHR post stroke were able to maintain their levels of SRH 2 years after being discharged from DHR to their own homes, especially for men

Skånér et al., 2007 [32]

Not done

The majority of patients rated their health as rather good or very good at 3 and 12 months after stroke

Salbach et al., 2006 (2) [61]

Spearman correlation coefficient

Enhancing balance self-efficacy in addition to functional walking capacity is expected to enhance physical function and perceived health status to a greater extent than enhancing functional walking capacity alone

Olsson, Sunnerhagen, 2006 [45]

Linear regression model

After 6 to 8 weeks of DHR after acute treatment for stroke there were improved physical and cognitive functions, and improved SRH

Emmelin et al., 2003 [31]

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model

Self-rated ill-health independently increases the risk of stroke, specifically for men, and that the interaction effect between SRH and biomedical risk factor load is greater for men than for women

Hillen et al., 2003 [5]

Wilcoxon test, Logistic regression model

Patients reporting a health transition to “much worse” 3 months after stroke have an increased risk of disability at 1 year and decreased chances to survive free of stroke recurrence over the next 5 years

Otiniano et al., 2003 [58]

Chi square test, Logistic regression model

Diabetes and stroke in combination is strongly associated with a higher risk of disabilities, poor SRH, and higher 5-year mortality rates than persons without these diseases, regardless of the presence of other conditions

Muntner et al., 2002 [60]

Not done

Self-reported “health in general” was worse among those with a history of stroke compared with those without a history of stroke for all three time periods (1971–1975, 1976–1980 e 1988–1994)

Bugge et al., 2001 [47]

Wilcoxon test, Multiple linear regression model

Although, stroke patients perceived their health to be worse than the general population in many dimensions of SF-36, they perceived their “General health” more positively

Hoeymans et al., 1999 [30]

Logistic regression model

Stroke was the disease that resulted in the largest loss in SRH in patients, followed by respiratory symptoms, coronary heart disease, musculoskeletal complaints, and diabetes

Deane et al., 1996 [49]

Not done

Not reported

Tsuji et al., 1994 [64]

Cox proportional hazards model

SRH was significant associated to death for cancer but not for stroke or heart disease

  1. DHR day hospital rehabilitation, RNLI Reintegration to Normal Living Index, SF-12 and SF-36 Short Form Health Survey 12 and 36