Table 1 Neuroimaging spectrum of dengue-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy
From: Cortical laminar necrosis in dengue encephalitis—a case report
Clinical syndrome | Neuroimaging features | Pathogenesis |
|---|---|---|
Diffuse brain involvement | ||
Encephalopathy | Often normal | Impaired liver and renal dysfunction Ischemic-hypoxemic injury |
Acute encephalitis | Usually normal; diffuse cortical and periventricular, hyperintensities | Direct viral invasion of brain |
Acute hemorrhagic encephalitis | GRE sequence shows areas of blooming indicating hemorrhage | Direct viral invasion of brain |
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | Periventricular white matter lesions | Post-infectious demyelination |
Vascular complications | ||
Cerebral venous thrombosis | Thrombosis of venous system of brain | Severe dehydration and hypotension |
Intracerebral hemorrhage | Cerebral parenchymal, subdural or subarachnoidal hematoma | Thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and associated coagulopathies |
Ischemic stroke | Multiple infarctions | Vasculitis, infective thromboembolism |
Focal encephalitis | ||
Cerebellitis Rhombencephalitis | Hyperintensities in brainstem and cerebellum | Direct viral invasion |