Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the self-reported outcomes
From: Anxiety, emotional processing and depression in people with multiple sclerosis
Descriptives | |
|---|---|
Unless otherwise specified [(mean (SD) range)] | |
Outcome measure | Entire sample (N = 189) |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (higher scores, more distress) | |
Depression subscale (HADS-D) | 8.0 (4.18) 1–19 |
Score <8 [N (%)] | 100 (52.91%) |
Score 8–10 [N (%)] | 36 (19.04%) |
Score >10 [N (%)] | 53 (28.04%) |
Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) | 5.8 (3.9) 0–18 |
Score <8 [N (%)] | 133 (70.37%) |
Score 8–10 [N (%)] | 32 (16.93%) |
Score >10 [N (%)] | 24 (12.70%) |
Emotional Processing Scale (EPS-25) (higher scores, poorer emotional processing) | |
Suppression | 4.0 (2.64) 0–9.0 |
Signs of Unprocessed Emotions | 4.1 (2.35) 0–8.4 |
Unregulated Emotion | 2.6 (1.97) 0–8.8 |
Avoidance | 3.9 (1.99) 0–8.2 |
Impoverished Emotional Experience | 2.6 (1.89) 0–8.2 |
Total EPS Score | 4.3 (2.12) 0–9.0 |
Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) (higher scores, greater levels of alexithymia) | |
Difficulty in verbalising feelings | 11.8 (4.09) 4–20 |
Poor fantasy life | 11.2 (4.33) 4–20 |
Difficulty identifying feelings | 10.9 (4.04) 4–20 |
Lack of emotional excitability | 10.8 (4.31) 4–20 |
Externally-oriented thinking | 10.7 (4.45) 4–20 |
Total BVAQ Score | 55.4 (14.15) 20–95 |
Coping with Health Injuries and Problems – Neuro (CHIP-Neuro) (higher scores, greater use of coping style) | |
Emotional regulation | 22.0 (6.65) 7–35 |
Seeking Well-being | 19.2 (3.18) 9–25 |
Active Distraction | 9.1 (3.16) 3–15 |
Information Seeking | 9.8 (4.00) 3–15 |
Palliative Coping | 7.9 (2.99) 3–15 |
Cognitive Avoidance | 8.3 (2.93) 3–15 |
Positive and Negative Emotionality (EPN-31) (higher scores, greater emotionality) | |
Positive | 47.2 (11.78) 10–70 |
Negative | 51.0 (19.63) 18–111 |
Surprise | 8.3 (3.98) 3–19 |